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Getting to the Bottom of the Concept
What does "Critique" mean in the "Critique of Political Economy"?
von Anne-Kathrin KrugThe words “critique” and “criticism” are often used. When we “criticize” something, we often mean that something is not as it should be. For example, we criticize the fact that there are drastic differences between the amounts in people’s wallets, and that the profits of business are not adequately redistributed.
kapital150, marx200
Scientifically erroneous and without application to the modern world
Michael Roberts on Marx vs. Keynes and why Marx was closer to the truth
von Michael RobertsIn 1926, John Maynard Keynes, already the most celebrated economist and political writer of his time, reviewed the competing ideas of conventional economics (which he called ‘laisser-faire’) and its revolutionary alternative (Marxism). In his book, Laisser-faire and Communism, Keynes, a contemporary of the Bolshevik leaders Lenin and Trotsky, sought to dismiss the Soviet revolution that had shocked the ruling groups of the rest of the world just a few years before.
kapital150, marx200
Preserving Marx’s Thought without the ‘ism’
Why the search for an alternative development model does not work with Marx alone. But without him either.
von Christa LuftWith the dissolution of the socialist camp and after the implosion of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s, Karl Marx was regarded as finished. Capitalism achieved a legitimation bonus. Francis Fukuyama spoke of the ‘end of history’. An entire decade-and-a-half later, the global financial crisis broke out, pulled the real economy into the abyss, and reinvigorated interest in the work of the one who had been declared dead.
kapital150, marx200
„Here, a Light Turns On...“
The potential for politicisation in "Capital" - for both the reader and the author, and the subject of capitalism analysis itself as well.
von Christoph LieberThe political aspect of Karl Marx’s Capital is rooted in the specific character of the ‘critique’ of political economy because the latter contains a potential for politicisation for both the reader and the author, as well as for the object of the analysis of capitalism itself.
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Communist and Post-Communist Parties of Western Europe
In the old capitalist states of Europe (that is to say, the ones that did not belong to the socialist world system in the years prior to 1989-91) the end of state socialism constituted a major turning point for the Communist parties.
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Marxism and Ecology
By 1972 at the latest – the year the Club of Rome published its celebrated study on the "Limits to Growth," raising broad awareness of environmental issues –, Marx-based critique has attempted to link the critique of economics with the "ecological question." As early as the 1960s and 1970s, there was a debate on "productivism," both in the capitalist West and in the East of real existing socialism; this debate involved a critique of prevailing concepts of progress, as well as of the manner in which societies are oriented to
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Marxism, Christianity and Theology
Radically democratic, humanist and socialist notions can be found throughout the history of Christianity.
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Marxism and Anarchism
"Anarchism" is as heterogeneous as "Marxism," and yet the relationship between the two has consistently been a difficult one, in spite, or perhaps because of, their many commonalities. Marx was already at odds with Mikhail Bakunin, one of the most important exponents of revolutionary anarchism at the time.
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Marxism and Psychoanalysis
A link between Marx's critique of society and Freud's psychoanalysis was sought mainly in so-called Freudo-Marxism, in Critical Theory and its environs, and in the structuralist engagement with Marx. These, in some cases, very diverse efforts are united by their claim not only to combine two theories of radical social critique, but also to determine how capitalist socialisation is reflected – albeit in an inverted, alienated, decentred manner – in the subject.
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Marxism and Feminism
Every feminist generation has had its own link to Marxism. While the first generation of feminism was already an international phenomenon, the link between Marxism and feminism has been especially evident in the USA, the UK, Australia and Germany. It goes back to the days of Marx, Engels and the socialist labour movement, continued in the women's movement of the late 19th and early 20th century, then was renewed by the new generation of feminists associated with "second wave of feminism" of the 1960s.
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Marxism and Art, Literature and Aesthetics
Marx himself and the theories and debates that have emerged in his wake have influenced virtually every form of art, even if Marx had little to say about art. During the 20th century, various attempts were made to develop a Marxist theory of art.
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Links between Marxism and Other Theories and Critiques
The three major historical and thematic/systematic categories we have employed to describe "theory and debate following Marx" fail to do justice to certain debates.
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Post-Marxism
As early as the 1980s, highly diverse authors were occasionally described as "post-Marxist" – including Hannah Arendt, Theodor W. Adorno and Jürgen Habermas. Today, the term usually refers to a theoretical current whose engagement with Marx has been strongly informed by poststructuralist and post-operaist readings.
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Analytical Marxism (late 1970s)
Analytical Marxism, also called "rational-choice Marxism," developed in the English-speaking world. The founding work is Gerald A. Cohen's book Marx's Theory of History, published in 1978.
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World-Systems Theory (from the 1970s)
World-systems theory developed in the 1970s, emerging from the period's debate on Marx and from the historical theories of the Annales School; it was also a product of the critique of methods applied in the social sciences.
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Regulation Theory (from the 1970s)
Regulation theory developed during the 1970s, in the milieu of French economists and sociologists associated with economist Michel Aglietta. It has been influenced by Antonio Gramsci's reflections on the theory of hegemony, although it has also taken up cues provided by the structuralism of Louis Althusser and others, and by the methodology and the sociological and historiographical investigations of the Annales School.
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Political Marxism (from the 1970s)
Political Marxism developed mainly in the English-speaking world and has been influenced by Cultural Studies. It is characterised by a return to empirical and socio-historical research and in particular to the investigation of everyday culture, its actors and practices and class relations. Political Marxism has produced great analyses and studies, especially on the rise and assertion of capitalism – analyses and studies that often contradict common notions and assumptions, including Marxist ones.
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Cultural Studies and the Debate on Marx (from the 1960s)
Cultural Studies emerged in the English-speaking world during the 1960s. In line with their strongly interdisciplinary approach, they have drawn attention to the significance of relations that are not directly economic or political, and which are often overlooked or dismissed as "superstructural phenomena" in other variants of Marxism.
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Postcolonial Studies and Subaltern Studies
Poststructural and deconstructivist philosophy has influenced Postcolonial Studies and Subaltern Studies, both of which refer back to Marx. The origins of a postcolonial critique during the mid-20th century were still closely linked with the critique of colonialism and imperialism.
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Poststructural and Deconstructivist Readings of Marx (from the 1970s)
Influenced by the philosophies of poststructuralism and deconstructivism, there developed, mainly in France, a deconstructivist reading of Marx. Jacques Derrida's Specters of Marx is considered one of the key works.
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