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Iranian “worker communism”
Iranian worker communism is a version of classic or traditional Marxism that arrived “late” on the field. From the 1980s, it insisted on proletarian class struggle with the aim of returning to the “Marxist orthodoxy” of the pre-Stalin era.
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The South Korean opposition movement
After the anti-dictatorship uprising in Kwangju in 1980, a broad and radical opposition movement took shape in South Korea. Although Marx’s Capital was banned, a “countercultural” reading movement established itself in the underground.
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Marxist Humanism in China
In China, the period after 1978 was marked by a cautious opening and de-dogmatisation of Marxism. Inspired by re-readings of Marx’s early work, a philosophical current evolved during this time that interpreted Marxism as humanistic thought.
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Maoism (Mao Zedong thought)
The Chinese Communist Party, which was established in 1921, had a highly varied history until the 1930s – as demonstrated by its temporary alliance with the Kuomintang, the formation of a left-wing opposition under former General Secretary Chen Duxiu, the Civil War and the “Long March” from 1934.
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Civil Society School
During the 1950s and 1960s a debate about Marxism took place in Japan. Its key issues were linked to the concept of “civil society”.
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Zengakuren
The influential student umbrella organisation Zengakuren (General Confederation of student self-governments) was established in 1948. It had numerous members and was initially close to the Communist Party.
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Socialist Association
From the ranks of the Rono group in the interwar period (see The Koza current versus the Rono current), a left-wing socialist intellectual group developed after the Second World War that was linked to the Japanese Socialist Party.
The Marx translator and biographer Itsuro Sakisaka, who was also politically active, played a leading role.
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Liberation ethics
Liberation ethics is a Latin American current that has parallels with, but is not identical to, liberation theology. Liberation ethics emerged in the 1970s; its most famous representative was the Argentine-Mexican philosopher Enrique Dussel.
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Guevarism
This line is named after the Argentine-Cuban revolutionary Che Guevara and is important in the context of the Marxist-Leninist anti-imperialism undertaken in “underdeveloped countries”, which at that time were known as the “periphery” or “Third World”.
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Marxism-feminism and queer-feminist critiques of economy
Referring to Marx and Engels’ point that the domination of men over women was the first class opposition in history, theorists and activists have long “fought to have the ‘feminist revolution’ included within Marxism” (as Frigga Haug once stated).
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Communisation
This current developed within the French “ultra-left” of the 1970s and is aimed at critically analysing and productively overcoming “historical” left-wing currents such as council communism, Bordigism and situationism, which developed later.
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Eco-socialism
Anarchists and Marxists have both undertaken attempts to combine environmental and socialist perspectives. Marxist representatives of eco-socialism include Manuel Sacristan (from Spain), the Brazilian-born sociologist and philosopher Michael Löwy and John Bellamy Foster from the US.
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Il Manifesto
At the end of 1969, a debate took place about the Italian Communist Party’s Euro-Communism and its approach to the 1968 movement. This occurred shortly after Italy’s “hot autumn”, where, unlike Germany, workers were active in the protests.
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Eurocommunism
In the 1970s, this political current particularly influenced the communist parties of Italy, Spain and France. The aim here was to link a socialist economy with democratic politics. Eurocommunists positioned themselves in contrast to bureaucratic-authoritarian party-communism in socialist countries.
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Heretical Marxism in Central and Eastern Europe
After 1956, greater intellectual scope developed in Eastern and Eastern Central Europe for heterodox ideas linked to Marx and Marxist theory and for views that were independent of the official Communist Party.
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“Urban guerrillas” and armed struggle
During the 1970s, armed groups in Western Europe looked to the armed struggle taking place in Latin American cities and attempted to transfer it to Western European countries.
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Autonomia
In the 1970s, parts of the operaist movement continued its development under the term Autonomia. Their aim was to extend the sphere of antagonisms and struggle in factories to the whole of society.
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Operaism
Operaism (or Workerism) was a current within Italian “Marxism” that was independent of the Communist Party and the Socialist Party. It developed in the early to mid-1960s in the context of the magazines Quaderni Rossi and Classe Operaia.
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Students for a Democratic Society
During the 1960s, the US group Students for a Democratic Society underwent a process of radicalisation.
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The Socialist German Student Association (SDS)
The West German SDS was founded in 1946 as a social-democratic student organisation. However, due to its left-wing positions, the SPD issued an incompatibility declaration against it in 1961.
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